Showing posts with label Ethics. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Ethics. Show all posts

Friday, 19 February 2010

Assisted dying, assisted Living

From the ridiculous to the sublime in the UK assisted dying debate. TV presenter Ray Gosling’s case is a matter for the police, but what’s claimed so far can only validate the “slippery slope” argument. If Mr Gosling did what he says he did, doubtless he meant well at the time. But how could this behaviour give rise to anything but criminal proceedings?

The legal implications of allowing any private individual to end someone else’s life with no accountability are terrifying
. Harold Shipman may be chuckling in his grave. The present English approach may have what Baroness Finlay calls “a stern face and a kind heart,” but you don’t need a lot of imagination to see the pitfalls in turning the basic principle that protects people’s right to life into a mush.

Cut from there to Sir Terry Pratchett’s Dimbleby Lecture, a passionate and intelligent plea for a tribunal to adjudicate questions around the ending of life for terminally ill people. As someone who holds life to be, in principle, sacred according to the sixth commandment, I am very wary about this proposal. However his lecture deserves careful reading. Having had both parents die with various forms of dementia, it could well be me in a few years’ time. I can recognise the compassion in his approach, which is emphatically not “anything goes.” It comes from someone who obviously has a profound respect for, and joy in, life.

Right now a degree of clinical discretion is exercised, as it should be. This is done within a framework where the law basically protects life, the hippocratic oath applies, and anyone seeing a UK Doctor should be able to assume they will do their best to preserve their life. What I hear Sir Terry calling for is some body that could define such clinical discretion, and make it more accountable and substantial. I wonder who would want to serve on such a body, but I get the point.

Questions remain in my mind, especially about patients whose capacity to form judgments is compromised. Our worst 4 year run-in with dementia (short by many standards) involved all sorts of things being asked for, said, and felt by my mother. It was not an exact science or rational process. After asking to be turned off in the early stages, she actually recovered some taste for life in the last six months of her life, with excellent care. That might have been entirely different for someone else’s condition. Had she lived longer, she might have reverted to a depressive state. In reality, what seems perfectly simple would often be a complete minefield.

I am also disturbed by the social impact over years of anything that may tend to devalue life or collude with the depressive lie that old or disabled people are burdens in the way rather than fully valued. Some complex social and human purposes are better served by legally exercised discretion than legislation. If I ever came to a point of believing I needed to help a loved one die, I believe I should be fully accountable for that decision in all its particulars.

But Sir Terry wasn’t saying I shouldn't be — the exact opposite, in fact. Amidst various knee-jerk and rentaquote reactions I’ll be interested to see what people make of his proposal with a bit of mature reflection. I am not sure spreading clinical judgment to a committee is the best or only way, and I find any law that appears to confer less value on disabled people than others profoundly problematic, but I see the limitations of polemical absolutism in a complex area of moral decision making. Perhaps the real challenge is about old and ill people’s quality of life, not death.

Tuesday, 26 May 2009

At home in the real world?

Being an ordinary Kirchentager is an amazing, but overwhelming experience — as well as the formal sessions there were fascinating conversations with hosts and others. It is amazing how insular English concerns are, and separate from the mainstream of European Christianity. In Germany 125,000 people come together to explore Christian faith and life in the real world for four days, and the word “Homosexuality” occurs once, I believe, in the whole 560 page programme. It’s amazing how different, and hopeful, Christian engagement looks without US Hot Button snarkiness, and English hypocrisy about sex, both of which easily render everything, including themselves, ludicrous.

Whilst mulling over what further to write up here, I’m contemplating

Players from Sam Javanrouh on Vimeo.

Sunday, 24 May 2009

The Gospel: Ethics or Hope?

Challenging sermon this morning at the Kirchentag closing service. Looking forward to dong a proper write up of it in the next day or so. For now the Peacher, Dr Danielle Garrone, a Waldensian from Rome, called us to hope in Christ, not Christendom, or ourselves. He suggested that a Church losing the script comes off the message of the gospel, and starts banging on about collateral moral issues that it thinks will engage people outside, but never seem to:
I fear ethics has become the area that we hope will attract people's interest, because we do not have enough hope to expect such interest in the gospel itself. Protestants tend to prefer to do social ethics, and Evangelicals to concentrate on sexual ethics, whilst Catholics engage in both. All of us are open to the temptation to use ethics as a way to gloss over our own lack of giving account of the hope that is in us...

Thursday, 30 April 2009

Ethics: Good Tech/ Bad Tech?

Is any new technology good news or bad news? How would we know anyway? What anchorpoints do we need for the ethics of Tech? Here is a toolbox of critical questions to ask of new tech, produced by one of the world’s leading Christian Ethicists, Jacques Ellul. Many thanks to John Halton for the link:

76 Questions to ask of any new technoogy

by Jacques Ellul

Ecological
What are its effects on the health of the planet and of the person?
Does it preserve or destroy biodiversity?
Does it preserve or reduce ecosystem integrity?
What are its effects on the land?
What are its effects on wildlife?

How much, and what kind of waste does it generate?
Does it incorporate the principles of ecological design?
Does it break the bond of renewal between humans and nature?
Does it preserve or reduce cultural diversity?
What is the totality of its effects, its "ecology"?

Social
Does it serve community?
Does it empower community members?
How does it affect our perception of our needs?
Is it consistent with the creation of a communal, human economy?
What are its effects on relationships?
Does it undermine conviviality?
Does it undermine traditional forms of community?
How does it affect our way of seeing and experiencing the world?
Does it foster a diversity of forms of knowledge?
Does it build on, or contribute to, the renewal of traditional forms of knowledge?
Does it serve to commodity knowledge
or relationships?
To what extent does it redefine reality?
Does it erase a sense of time and history?
What is its potential to become addictive?

Practical
What does it make?
Who does it benefit?
What is its purpose?
Where was it produced?
Where is it used?
Where must it go when it's broken or obsolete?
How expensive is it?
Can it be repaired?

By an ordinary person?

Moral
What values does its use foster?
What is gained by its use?
What are its effects beyond its utility to the individual?
What is lost in using it?
What are its effects on the least advantaged in society?

Ethical
How complicated is it?
What does it allow us to ignore?
To what extent does it distance agent from effect?
Can we assume personal, or communal responsibility for its effects?
Can its effects be directly apprehended?
What ancillary technologies does it require?
What behavior might it make possible in the future?
What other technologies might it make possible?
Does it alter our sens
e of time and relationships in ways conducive to nihilism?

Vocational
What is its impact on craft?
Does it reduce, deaden, or enhance human creativity?
Is it the least imposing technology available for the task?
Does it replace, or does it aid human hands and human beings?
Can it be responsive to organic circumstance?
Does it depress or enhance the quality of goods?
Does it depress or enhance the meaning of work?

Metaphysical
What aspect of the inner self does it reflect?
Does it express love?
Does it express rage?
What aspect of our past does it reflect?
Does it reflect cyclical or linear thinking?

Political
Does it concentrate or equalize power?
Does it require, or institute a knowledge elite?
It is totalitarian?
Does it require a bure
aucracy for its perpetuation?
What legal empowerments does it require?
Does it undermine traditional moral authority?
Does it require military defense?
Does it enhance, or serve military purposes?
How does it affect warfare?
Is it massifying?
Is it consistent with the creation of a global economy?
Does it empower transnational corporations?
What kind of capital does it require?

Aesthetic
Is it ugly?
Does it cause ugliness?
What noise does it make?
What pace does it set?
How does it affect the quality of life (as distinct from the standard of living)?

I don't supppose any conceivable technology is going to pass the test 76/0 — Does the technology of the wheel, for example, undermine conviviality or enhance it? But these are interesting dimensions of any tech, and set an agenda for understanding what we are letting ourselves in for before we get there.

I’d also want to point out that these questions are of far more limited usefulness as pass/fail things, than with the word “How” added to the beginning of most lines. In other words it’s a tool for assessing the probable qualitative impact, not just deciding whether to stick your thumbs up or down. This is useful because experience indicates that most of the time, your thumbs down won't matter anyway...

Thursday, 11 December 2008

Assisted Suicide and the Law

Statutes are crude, basic means of laying out the ground and protecting people’s basic rights. The ways they are interpreted and applied is where the action is. Remember the dangerous dogs act? It was going to stop dogs killing children, a laudable plan, but proved almost impossible to apply in practice. The devil is in the detail. Hard cases make bad laws, and one person's sensible relief is another's death warrant.

To know that in principle the law, whilst not criminalising suicide, protects life pretty absolutely, is surely no bad thing. As long as it is applied with compassion, it is surely better to know you will have to justify, formally and case-by-case, taking a life, rather than saving it. Death is the exception not the norm.

My mother suffered from dementia, which came with extended episodes of depression, over four very difficult years before her death in 1994. We did what I imagine any family would do — sold her house, and used the money to pay for the very best care for her; which towards the end was pretty total. Yet there were, even late on, some moments of comparative lucidity and even flashes of joy. Although in her depression she sometimes asked insistently to be put down, it helped and protected everyone to know that this was not really an option. Her condition was sometimes extremely challenging for her, her carers, and the family, along with me and my power of attorney. To add to the mix a legal right to assisted suicide would have made it a complete and utter bloody nightmare. And imagine what legislation must also cover, circumstances where there was less goodwill in the family, with several hundred thousand pounds riding on a decision to terminate a.s.a.p. More tea, Dr Shipman?

The fact that this is so extraordinarily complicated an area in which to legislate shouldn’t make it entirely impossible, but it involves thin ice, which it wouldn’t be wise to skate over. This is big life and death stuff, which has to stand up and protect the weak in millions of circumstances far less extreme and unusual than those on which the media is majoring just now. We need to pick our rut carefully. We may be in it for a long time.
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